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They can and are called. And even those that are not caused by a negative emotional background worsen when it is present. Such diseases are called psychosomatic and there are quite a lot of them. Psychosomatic medicine deals with them. There are also various theories in psychiatry that explain the occurrence of schizophrenia, roughly speaking, precisely by stress.
Stress and “nerves” are physiological phenomena, in particular, manifested at the endocrine level, that is, they are accompanied by the production of hormones. Hormones spread throughout the body and affect a wide variety of organ groups. Therefore, the occurrence of diseases under stress and strong emotions is not magic, but a completely understandable physiological fact.
For example, prolonged monotonous stress is one of the factors in the development of hypertension. With it, large amounts of norepinephrine are released (this is a neurotransmitter, not a hormone, but in this case this is not so important), which has nowhere to go, so it spasms microvessels, which increases blood pressure. Over time, the effect becomes permanent. Hypertension is a risk factor for a heart attack, so it turns out that stress leads to a heart attack.
As you know, any stress is a blow to the body and, as a result, a drop in immunity. Also, if you are often nervous, problems with the stomach, with the nervous system itself, develop. So technically, yes, nerves and stress can cause diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, or provoke a banal cold, or some kind of chronic disease.