Is the DNA code more complex than the binary programming code?
Adenine = thymine, and cetosine = guanine.
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The genetic code is more complex, diverse, and compact than the binary one!
First, why your formulation “adenine = thymine, cytosine = guanine” is incorrect — because adenine ≠ thymine and cytosine ≠ guanine are four different nitrogenous bases. Yes, they correspond to each other by the principle of complementarity in connecting chains, but this does not mean that they are identical in structure or function. Complementarity is necessary for storing and transmitting data.
The DNA chain is double and contains correlated nitrogenous bases on opposite sections to constantly maintain the structure and order of the code, so that in case of any damage or mutations of one chain, it can be restored along the second.
Only an RNA chain is suitable for a DNA chain in which all the nitrogenous bases are respectively opposed (DNA adenine — uracil RNA, thymine DNA-adenine RNA, cytosine DNA-guanine RNA, guanine DNA — cytosine RNA), because, on the one hand, we all know that two equally charged magnets repel, and here it works about the same (so there must be opposite bases, and not the same), and on the other hand, the key must fit perfectly to the lock in order to interact with it, and here it works about the same (so there must be exactly opposite bases, and not any other).
Second, what does DNA code for anyway? DNA encodes protein synthesis. After the RNA has read information from the untouchable DNA, this RNA transmits information to other RNAs, which, in turn, float to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized from this data. Proteins are synthesized from amino acids. Major amino acids (the most common) in humans are only 20, that is, proteins are made up of 20 amino acids, in very,very different order, very,very different lengths, so this is their diversity. So, a chain of 100 amino acids (and this protein is far from large) can be represented by more than ten to the power of 130 (a number with 130 zeros) variants.
But nitrogenous bases are not exactly elementary units of code. Then there would be only four of them, and the whole variety of proteins encoded by DNA was limited to those made up of four amino acids, but this is not the case, because there are simply more amino acids. Four nitrogenous bases add up to 64 variants of triplets (three nitrogenous bases each), and they already encode amino acids (some triplets encode the same amino acids, and some encode a reading stop, so there are more triplets than major amino acids).
It's time to make a reservation that the four (five, taking into account uracil RNA, which replaces thymine DNA) above the designated nitrogenous bases are not the only ones in nature. They, like 20 amino acids, are major. There are also minor nitrogenous bases. In addition, we are only talking about major amino acids! There are up to 500 amino acids in nature. Imagine such a variety of proteins.
Moreover, in immune cells, more complex variants of protein synthesis are also possible, when data is read out of order, but in all possible variations, which generates a huge number of immune system proteins.
The genetic code is much more complex than binary-and much more compact! — due to the sequential coding system:
4+ nitrogenous bases →
64+ triplets →
20+ amino acids →
myriads of myriads of myriads… belkov →
an unimaginable variety of results!
The genetic code is similar to the binary code, but with the only difference that in the binary code information is encoded with two characters (0 and 1), and in the genetic code-with four (A, T, G, C). These 4 nucleotides make up the DNA helix, the information is read in triplets (that is, 3 consecutive nucleotides encode one amino acid during protein synthesis).
And your part of the question about “adenine=thymine and cytosine=guanine” is about the principle of complementarity. Since the DNA helix is double, there is a second helix opposite one strand, and the sequence of the second strand is determined by the complementarity principle: for example, A is always T, and C is always R.