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there are no differences. it's the same thing. the state educates patriots to make it easier for nations to quarrel. and they earn money from wars. in capitalism, so.
Let's just say that patriotism is a system of values in which it is considered good to act in the interests of your state. Nationalism is a system of values in which the good will be done in the interests of their nation, ethnic or civil — not the point.
It happens when these paradigms coincide — when the state is national.
And it happens when they directly contradict each other.
Patriotism is love for one's homeland, nationalism is hatred for others. A clear example of nationalism is modern Ukraine, which to its own detriment hates other countries, and not only Russia. At the same time, the USSR was an example of patriotism, for example, during the Second World War
Everything is simple. Nationalism is a political ideology according to which the nation is the foundation of the state. Patriotism is a feeling of love for the Motherland. A nationalist may or may not be a patriot. A patriot may or may not be a nationalist.
The main thing, in my opinion, is different. In our country (since the times of the USSR), nationalism has traditionally been presented in a negative way and turned into a label. Of course, a political ideology (which nationalism is) cannot be “good” or”bad.” If a person doesn't like Koreans, for example, they are a xenophobe. And not necessarily a nationalist. Although there are cases when nationalism and xenophobia can combine into a single worldview (for example, national socialism).