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V. A. Atsyukovsky. Electrical engineer by training. Following dialectical materialism, he rejects the theory of relativity without any reason, and calls for a return to the ether, as to the primordial matter in the form of gas, which consists of elementary particles and fields. The “Theory” contains a lot of violations in the logic of applying gas dynamics formulas and drawing up models, and the author himself resorts to manipulations and statements that contradict the very basics of the scientific method. Not a single practical confirmation of his “theory” in 50 years of false reasoning. The promised technologies on the air remained only in my head, including the energy generator from the air, “created” on the basis of the Tesla transformer, the scheme of which (generator) was released in 2004.
V. G. Katyushchik. He calls himself a physicist, although in fact he is a mechanical engineer by training. He proclaimed a number of figures of science and enlightenment, as he puts it, “fools” and false scientists. It follows the principle “I don't understand science, so I reject it”. On Youtube, he is known for his outrageous videos filled with flat humor, in which he declares entire sections of current science, starting with the theory of gravity(Newton and Einstein) and ending with quantum physics and all higher mathematics, scientifically untenable. The videos, like “theory”, are filled with sophistry, misinterpretation of the subjects of discussion and erroneous reasoning. He created his own cosmology and model of the structure of the world, which rejects almost all conventional physics and astronomy. For example, his model of gravity states that bodies are not attracted to the Earth, but are “pulled” by the repulsive force of distant cosmic bodies. It promises UFO technology, a defense missile deflection system, and a perpetual motion machine based on its “theory”. As in the previous case, not a single experiment and a ready-made working copy for years of reasoning.
Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, E. B. Alexandrov, Chairman of the KomBLIF. It actively fights against “Perpetual Motion machines”, although its entire Cosmology is based on”perpetual motion”….
Undoubtedly one of the most famous in Russia, Pyotr Petrovich Garyaev, the author of such a” direction in science ” as linguistic wave genetics , the wave genome has not been confirmed by any experiments, but he easily proves that non-coding DNA is a hologram, thanks to which somatic cells know where to grow, that mat destroys DNA, that telegony exists. Unfortunately, many people take him seriously, invite him to the leading channels, although even his education and scientific activities are fake
First of all, Valery Chudinov comes to mind. Initially, he was a linguist who studied ancient Rus. In the nineties, he became one of the first preachers of the existence of the most ancient Slavic-Aryan civilization. All the subsequent time he was engaged in such things as the aging of the Russian language, the proof of the fact that the Etruscan language originated from certain “Slavic runes”, the development of the theory of “mimes” according to which there is a certain “subtle world” inhabited by entities-gods (Such as Rus, Yara, etc.), which were worshipped by the ancient Slavs, starting from the Paleolithic. He became famous for his unique method of analyzing sources: Chudinov never worked with originals – only with reproductions and photographs, and in these photographs he identifies scratches, scuffs, traces, spots, small defects as traces of Slavic writing (Inscriptions like “Rus”, “Mim Yara”, etc.). Later, he turned from photographs of sources to celestial bodies, and found writing, including on the Sun, Mars and meteorites. Surprisingly, the inscriptions were even found on the photos sent to him of the school contour map, peeling wallpaper and peeling plaster in the entrance. In polemics with real scientists, Chudinov mostly resorts to a proven method: accuse everyone around him as Jews and conspirators, and himself as a defender of peace and good, a herald of truth.
Since your question goes through the sections “science” and “theory of science”, I will not openly mention pseudoscientific figures such as the humorist Mikhail Zadornov with his concept of linguistics and denial of normanism. M. Zadornov, V. G. Zhdanov (the fighter against alcohol) are initially far from science, so they can not even be called freaks from science.
But you can give a completely textbook example. This is Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. T. Fomenko, an outstanding mathematician. However, in the” dashing 90's ” he became widely known as the author of folk history. Its concept is called “New Chronology”. The bottom line is that there was no antiquity or the Middle Ages. And, for example, the same, if I'm not mistaken, Emperor Nero is none other than John the Terrible. By 2011, the books of the New Chronology were published in a total circulation of about 800 thousand copies. An important touch to the portrait of the highly respected Mr. Fomenko is that he began publishing his first works on the “New Chronology” even before Perestroika, i.e. initially there was no commercial interest. Obviously, there was a huge desire to make a revolution in a new scientific discipline. For more information, see Wikipedia. There's a big article about the “New Chronology”.
Another thing that comes to mind is the American chemist and social activist Linus Pauling. One of the few two-time winners of the Nobel Prize (the second – N. P. Mir). In his old age, this gentleman came to believe that ascobic acid is almost a panacea for all diseases. He zealously defended his opinion, not disdaining either fraud (precisely fraud, and not mistakes, because such an outstanding chemist is well versed in the rules of planning experiments), or attempts to prosecute opponents. His authority was so high that the “ascorbic” myth still flourishes all over the world.
Other examples: ophthalmologist E. Muldashev, neurophysiologist N. Bekhtereva.
As well as a number of other academic scientists who have gone into pseudoscience (creationism, ufology, torsion fields, telekinesis and telepathy, socionics, HIV dissidence, etc.). The main reason is an irresistible desire to discover something new with a lack of talent combined with a marginal character. Although the example of Fomenko suggests that everything is much more complicated.
Important note. I deliberately do not include in this list either N. Tesla or J. R. R. Tolkien. Neither Nash nor G. Y. Perelman. These are real scientists who have worked only within the framework of science. Yes, they pushed the limits of science, but they did not go beyond them. What I mean here is a commitment to the truth, strict adherence to the principles of experiment planning (representativeness, statistical significance, accounting for errors, etc.), and, of course, the priority of scientific ethics over everything else (personal emotions, self-expression, ambition, recognition, and commercial success).