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1) The nation as an imaginary / imagined community (Benedict Anderson)
2) The nation as an invented Tradition (Eric Hobsbawm, Terence Ranger)
It probably makes sense to mention the concept of “imaginary communities”, introduced by B. Andersen in the middle of the 20th century and used specifically in relation to nations. The essence of the concept is that the nation as a category of thinking of a modern person is a product of modernization of the public administration system, a kind of superstructure in the social worldview. A non-imaginary community is a community of everyday communication, a village, a parish, or a rural community. Improving governance requires a universal identity for the entire population under the control of a powerful entity or institution. Thus, a nation, as the category described in the previous answer, is a great solution to the problem of governance. The nation equalizes the entire management space, regardless of its property status, unites it around a certain higher goal, and in this regard is a competitor of confessional identity.
http://www.litsoch.ru/referats/read/321151/
http://ponjatija.ru/node/21
In the Western tradition (which we often refer to as the Anglo-Romanesque, French, or Statist tradition), based on a formative approach to the process of socio-historical development, a nation is a phenomenon peculiar exclusively to the New and Modern times. The emergence of nations as a historical phenomenon is associated with the formation of “nations states”, as well as with the formation of capitalist relations and the emergence of the bourgeoisie. One of the most common points of view is that nations are formed in the process of the emergence of industrial societies. The formation of a nation is, according to E. Gellner, a direct result of the beginning of the modernization process, i.e., the transition from a traditional agrarian society to an industrial and post-industrial society. Before the modernization process began, nations as such did not exist.
According to the Western tradition of understanding a nation, it is the next link in the chain of development of human collectives: genus-tribe-ethnos-nation. Or in its Marxist-Leninist interpretation: kin-tribe-nationality – people) – nation. The concept of a nation is itself a superclass concept. A nation as a special human collective is a historically formed multiethnic community – a set of subjects, citizens of the state. For example, the Spanish nation is ethnically made up of Spaniards, Catalans, and Basques. Therefore, it is not surprising that it is in this sense that the category of “nation” has migrated from the Anglo-Saxon system of law and has become firmly established in the system of international law. When we talk about the United Nations (UN), we are talking about nations in the sense of states