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The understanding of such fundamental concepts as space and time in Einstein's theory of relativity and in Kant's philosophy (critical period) is different. Einstein recognized the non-independence of space and time with respect to material objects (for example, the speed of time in the theory of relativity depends on the speed of movement), while Kant considered space and time rather as properties of the observer himself (properties of perception), which are the way in which the subject organizes his sensations. In this respect, the ideas of Kant, who wrote about space and time as “a priori forms of sensuality”, are bolder and more distant from classical natural science in comparison with the ideas of Einstein. If we talk about an attempt to conduct a more or less consistent Kantian understanding of nature in cosmology, then, in my opinion, the book “Biocentrism” (R. Lanza, B. Berman) is the closest to this.
At the same time, Kant's influence on Einstein still seems to have taken place. In any case, V. N. Boyko writes about this in his dissertation “Comparative analysis of the concepts of space and time in the philosophy of I. Kant and the theory of relativity of A. Einstein” defended in 2002: “The post-critical concept of space and time in I. Kant, which divides space and time into metaphysical, mathematical and physical, in many aspects anticipated the theory of relativity.” This dissertation is probably something you should read if you want to delve deeper into the topic.