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With neuroses, a person does not lose a critical attitude to his symptoms, and is well or mediocre aware of them.
In psychoses, the subject completely loses criticism of his condition or behavior, is practically unaware of the symptoms, and is confident that everything is normal with him.
As colleagues have already answered above, the watershed between these disorders is the presence or absence of a critical attitude to one's condition.
Plus, in psychoses, such an important symptom complex as “delirium”comes to the fore. In simple terms, these are false and, at the same time, unbreakable beliefs of the patient about himself, other people, the surrounding reality, which cannot be questioned in any way. This is precisely the lack of criticality.
There are three forms of delirium:
delusions of grandeur;
delirium of self-deprecation;
delirium of persecution.
If in a simple way, then:
Psychosis is when a person generally falls out of reality and “floats” in his world. The simplest example is the “squirrel” in alcoholics with ongoing delirium.
Neurosis is when a person is in reality, but tries to push/replace it with his inner reality. And in this place, there is usually a conflict between these two realities.
Psychosis is conditionally the quintessence of a severe mental disorder (also called major psychiatry), which is characterized by a complete lack of criticality and a violation of mental functions. Neurosis is a common name for non-severe mental disorders (sometimes referred to as minor psychiatry). There, as a rule, criticality is preserved and, as a rule, they are based on some external factor. For example, severe stress can lead to panic attacks or phobias.