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If we are talking about scientists, then there are three cases of refusal of the Nobel Prize-Richard Kuhn, Adolf Butenandt (both chemistry) and Gerhard Domagk (medicine). All three are citizens of the Third Reich and the refusal was caused by a categorical ban of the authorities (Hitler was very offended by the award of the prize to Karl von Osetsky, who at that time was sitting in a concentration camp). After the war, all three received both medals and diplomas.
If we interpret the question broadly, then the case of Leo Tolstoy is closest. The count, who found out about his nomination, asked in a private letter not to award him the prize, because ” money is generally evil.”