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The concept of “substance” is essentially synonymous with mass, that is, it is something that consists of something(from molecules, they are from atoms…) and is a visually tangible reality that manifests itself through inertia and gravity, through the physical properties of matter: density, for example. Matter in physics and philosophy is a broader concept that includes fields, that is, something through which interaction is carried out at a distance, and the intermediary is not detectable. The force characteristics of fields are used to determine the interactions of masses and electric charges, both at rest relative to each other and moving in electric and magnetic fields… For materialistic science, both substance and matter are inanimate and unintelligent concepts,but capable of self-organization and living according to reasonable laws. However, this is such a voluminous topic, which I do not mind touching on when answering this question.
confusion always occurs for one reason – someone has confused something .. sloppy use of terms in the past has led to confusion in the present.
I will not attempt to explain the subjective perception of scientists and non-scientists, physicists and philosophers, but I can try to give the original meanings.
matter is the mother-that from which something comes, that from which something came, matter is the source of something, the previous state of something before it received its self. (the blurring of explanations is forced, so as not to refer to something that requires explanation)
in our language, “matter” also represents a piece of fabric that is later used to make clothes (dresses).. dress-from “plat” as a plane-a piece of cloth wrapped around the body as a garment. thus, matter is represented as the source material of something used as a separate thing. .. so we can discuss the house (as an object, as a thing) and the material from which it is built-clay, logs, bricks .. if there is a question about the destruction of the house or about the risks, then it is pointless to discuss the house, you need to discuss the material from which it was created .. therefore, matter, even in the form of a thing, does not lose its relevance.
substance is what a thing is-on the one hand, it seems that it is the same as material (see the description above), but here everything is much more complicated than with “matter”.
“matter” is a borrowed word and its meaning is limited to embedding in the language, and “substance” is a Russian word, and its meaning has spread excessively.
substance-from the thing, is associated with the prophetic (visionary), comes from the knower (knowing, seeing), from to see .. thus, the substance is associated with the ability to observe it, as well as with the objective existence of the thing.
for example, the word “beyond things” implies both the material and the spiritual (both material and immaterial), referred to the future .. what creates an image of something that can happen, or arise in the future (including as a property gain).
therefore, a substance is called in chemistry what reacts with another substance, and this is the most accurate idea of a “substance”… as something that exists, is observed, interacts, and continues to exist.
in the final argument, we can recognize that the definition of “substance – the form of existence of matter” is a good mutual definition of these concepts.
Confusion is only among the profane. “Matter” in general is not a concept of physics, but of epistemology. Matter refers to everything that serves as the object of the science of physics, that is, what affects devices. And physicists simply swear at the word “matter”, referring to philosophers.